@article {82876,
	title = {Ocean acidification stress index for shellfish (OASIS): Linking Pacific oyster larval survival and exposure to variable carbonate chemistry regimes},
	journal = {Elementa:  Science of the Anthropocene},
	volume = {6},
	number = {Article 51},
	year = {2018},
	note = {It is important to understand how larval bivalves respond to variations in seawater chemistry.  Ocean acidification has begun to adversely affect shellfish, particularly shell formation in larvae.  In response, oyster growers have found it necessary to buffer seawater.  In this paper, the authors recount the development of a metric, the ocean acidification stress index for shellfish (OASIS).  The metric was tested against seawater conditions in Netarts Bay.   {\textquotedblleft}We measured survival . . . of four Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) cohorts with different histories of carbonate chemistry exposure at the Whiskey Creek Hatchery, Netarts Bay, OR, to test the utility of OASIS as a stress metric and document the effects of buffering seawater mitigating acute and chronic exposure to ocean acidification.{\textquotedblright} (from the Abstract)},
	pages = {18 p.},
	keywords = {Netarts Bay, Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery, Pacific oyster = Crassostrea gigas, aquaculture, aquatic invertebrates, bivalves, calcium carbonate, molluscs, ocean acidification, physiology, stress},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.306 },
	url = {https://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.306/ },
	author = {Gimenez, Iria and Waldbusser, George G. and Hales, Burke}
}
@article {77231,
	title = {A longitudinal study of Pacific oyster (<i>Crassostrea gigas</i>) larval development:  isotope shifts during early shell formation reveal sub-lethal energetic stress},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {555},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Early development of oyster larvae requires great expenditures of energy to create and form shells.  Understanding the stresses young oysters are undergoing is important, particularly in a context of ocean acidification, which imposes additional stress.  This paper details the histories of three cohorts of Pacific oyster larvae grown in 2011 in Netarts Bay and uses isotopic analyses to track conditions that stress but do not kill larval oysters.},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {p.109-123},
	keywords = {Netarts Bay, Whiskey Creek, Pacific oyster = Crassostrea gigas, aquaculture, aquatic invertebrates, molluscs, bivalves, oysters, energy, life history information, larvae, lipids, ontology, ocean acidification},
	doi = {doi: 10.3354/meps11828},
	url = {https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2016/555/m555p109.pdf},
	author = {Brunner, Elizabeth L. and Prahl, Fredrick G. and Hales, Burke and Waldbusser, George G.}
}
@article {77321,
	title = {Slow shell building, a possible trait for resistance to the effects of acute ocean acidification},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Anthropogenic increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have led to acidification of the oceans.  More acidic ocean water profoundly affects development of shellfish, and has had a huge impact on shellfish growers in the Pacific Northwest.  The Pacific oyster, which originates in Japan, and has historically been the most commonly grown species, seems to be particularly sensitive to ocean acidification.  The native Olympia oyster has a different life history and a slower rate of development than the Pacific oyster.  In this paper, the authors explore the process of slow shell-building in Olympia oysters in acidic waters and consider implications for potential resiliency in adverse environmental conditions in this and other shellfish species. },
	month = {2016},
	pages = {p.1969-1983},
	keywords = {Yaquina Bay, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon Oyster Farms, Netarts Bay, Whiskey Creek, Pacific oyster = Crassostrea gigas, Olympia oyster=Ostrea lurida (Ostrea conchaphila), aquaculture, molluscs, bivalves, oysters, ocean acidification, human imp},
	doi = {doi: 10.1002/lno.10348},
	author = {Waldbusser, George G. and Gray, Matthew W. and Hales, Burke and Langdon, Christopher J. and Haley, Brian A. and Gimenez, Iria and Smith, Stephanie R. and Brunner, Elizabeth L. and Hutchinson, Greg}
}
@article {80401,
	title = {Water quality criteria for an acidifying ocean:  challenges and opportunities for improvement},
	journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Massive quantities of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere in the last century have been absorbed by the oceans, a development that has caused the oceans to become increasingly acidic.  This article addresses the issues faced by natural resource managers in addressing ocean acidification, particularly when current water quality standards permit damage to aquatic life.  The authors point out that current biological monitoring is inadequate, that pH criteria must be adjusted, and that additional chemical criteria are needed.  The article focuses on the Clean Water Act Section 303(d): Impaired Waters and Total Maximum Daily Loads.},
	pages = {p.31-41},
	keywords = {Netarts Bay, Willapa Bay, California Current, pH data, water quality, ocean acidification, Pacific oyster = Crassostrea gigas, pteropods, environmental policy and law},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.03.010},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/articles/zs25xb137},
	author = {Weisberg, Stephen B. and Bednarsek, Nina and Feely, Richard A. and Chan, Francis and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Sutula, Martha and Ruesink, Jennifer l. and Hales, Burke and Largier, John I. and Newton, Jan A.}
}
@article {76931,
	title = {Impacts of coastal acidification on the Pacific Northwest shellfish industry and adaptation strategies implemented in response},
	journal = {Oceanography:  the official magazine of the Oceanography Society},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2015},
	note = {This excellent article gives the current state of knowledge about ocean acidification, the environmental characteristics that amplify the problem on the West Coast, and what can be and is being done about it.  Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery and Netarts Bay are featured.},
	month = {2015, Jun.},
	pages = {p.146{\textendash}159},
	keywords = {Bellingham (Wa.), carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, chemistry, Dabob Bay (Wa.), dissolved oxygen, Netarts Bay, ocean acidification, pH data, upwelling, Whiskey Creek, Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery, Willapa Bay},
	doi = {doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.38},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/articles/pz50gx802},
	author = {Barton, Alan and Waldbusser, George G. and Feely, Richard A. and Weisberg, Stephen B. and Newton, Jan A. and Hales, Burke and Cudd, Sue and Eudeline, Benoit and Langdon, Christopher J. and Jefferds, Ian and King, Ted and Suhrbier, Andy and McLaughlin, Karen}
}
@article {34601,
	title = {The Pacific oyster,<i> Crassostrea gigas</i>, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean acidification effects},
	journal = {Limnology and oceanography},
	volume = {57},
	number = {no.3},
	year = {2012},
	note = {This article gives an excellent overview of the carbonate chemistry of Netarts Bay, and its environmental drivers. "We report results from an oyster hatchery on the Oregon coast, where intake waters experienced variable carbonate chemistry (aragonite saturation state < 0.8 to > 3.2; pH < 7.6 to > 8.2) in the early summer of 2009. Both larval production and midstage growth (~ 120 to ~ 150 {\textmu}m) of the oyster Crassostrea gigas were significantly negatively correlated with the aragonite saturation state of waters in which larval oysters were spawned and reared for the first 48 h of life. The effects of the initial spawning conditions did not have a significant effect on early-stage growth (growth from D-hinge stage to ~ 120 {\textmu}m), suggesting a delayed effect of water chemistry on larval development." (from the Abstract)},
	pages = {698-710},
	keywords = {algae, aquaculture, aquatic invertebrates, bivalves, calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide, climate change, molluscs, Netarts Bay, ocean acidification, Pacific oyster = Crassostrea gigas, upwelling, Whiskey Creek Hatchery},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0698},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/articles/j3860837q},
	author = {Barton, Alan and Hales, Burke and Waldbusser, George G. and Langdon, Christopher J. and Feelyd, Richard A.}
}
